Antiviral drugs are a class of drugs used to treat diseases caused by viral infections. Antiviral drugs work by turning off viral attacks, inhibiting, and limiting the reproduction of viruses in the body. The use of antiviral drugs is only given on the advice of a doctor.
Viral infections are treated with antiviral drugs, including:
- Influenza
- Hepatitis B or C
- Herpes simplex
- Herpes zoster or shingles
- Cytomegalovirus
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Each antiviral drug is grouped according to how it works, which are:
- Interferons: peginterferon alfa-2a, peginterferon alfa-2b
- Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI): efavirenz, nevirapine, rilpivirine, etravirine
- Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI): adefovir, entecavir, lamivudine, stavudine, telbivudine, tenofovir, zidovudine
- Neuraminidase inhibitors: oseltamivir, zanamivir
- Protease inhibitors: darunavir, simeprevir, ritonavir, lopinavir-ritonavir, indinavir
- RNA inhibitors: ribavirin
- DNA polymerase inhibitors: acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir, ganciclovir, valganciclovir
- Direct acting: sofosbuvir, daclatasvir, elbasvir/grazoprevir.
The class of antiviral drugs NNRTIs, NRTIs, and protease inhibitors are also known as drugs antiretroviral (ARV), which is a drug to treat HIV/AIDS.
Warning:
- Women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or planning to become pregnant are advised to consult a doctor before using antiviral drugs.
- Inform the doctor in advance if you want to give this medicine to children.
- Please be careful in using this drug if you have impaired kidney function.
- Tell your doctor if you are taking any other medicines, including herbs or supplements, as they may cause unwanted drug interactions.
- If there is an allergic reaction or overdose after taking antiviral drugs, immediately see a doctor or visit the nearest hospital.
Side Effects of Antiviral Drugs
Like other medicines, antiviral drugs can cause side effects, although not everyone will experience side effects after taking the drug, because the body's response to drugs can vary. Some of the side effects that can occur after taking antiviral drugs are:
- Headache
- Nausea and vomiting
- Stomach pain and diarrhea
- Hard to sleep
- skin problems
- Changes in behavior
- hallucination.
Types, Trademarks, and Dosage of Antiviral Drugs
The following are the doses of antiviral drugs based on the types of drugs. For information, the use of each type of drug is prohibited for age groups not mentioned in the dose column. For a detailed explanation of the side effects, warnings, or interactions of each antiviral drug, please refer to the Drugs A-Z pages.
Interferon
Peginterferon alpha-2a
Trademark: Pegasys
Condition: Hepatitis B and C
- Injectable liquid
Mature: 180 micrograms, once per week, for 12 months.
Peginterferon alpha-2b
Trademark: Peg Intron
Condition: Hepatitis C
- Injection powder
Mature: 1 mcg/kg per week, for 24-48 weeks.
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor(NNRTI)
Efavirenz
Trademarks: Efavirenz, Eviral, Stocrin, Egga, Tenolam-E
Condition: HIV
- Tablet
Mature: 600 mg, once daily, combined together antiretroviral other.
Children: 1 time a day, given at bedtime in the first 2-4 weeks.
Children aged 3-17 years or weight 13-14 kg: 200 mg
Children aged 3-17 years or weighing 15-19 kg: 250 mg
Children aged 3-17 years or weighing 20-24 kg: 300 mg
Children aged 3-17 years or weight 25-32 kg: 350 mg
Children aged 3-17 years or weight 32.5-39 kg: 400 mg
Children aged 3-17 years or weighing >39 kg: 600 mg.
The drug is combined with other antiretrovirals.
Nevirapine
Nevirapine trademarks: Neviral, Nevirapine, NVP
Condition: HIV
- Tablet
Mature: 200 mg, once daily, for the first 14 days. After that, the dose is increased to 200 mg, 2 times a day.
Children aged 2 months-8 years: 4 mg/kg, once daily, for the first 14 days. After that, the dose was increased to 7 mg/kg, 2 times a day.
Children aged 8-16 years: 4 mg/kg, once daily, for 14 days. After that followed by a dose of 4 mg / kg / body weight, 2 times a day. The maximum dose is 400 mg per day.
Rilpavirine
Trademark: Edurant
Condition: HIV
- Tablet
Children 12 years old to adults: 25 mg, once a day.
Etravirine
Trademark: Intelligence
Condition: HIV
- Tablet
Children weighing 30 kg or more and adults: 200 mg, 2 times a day.
Children aged >6 years weighing 16-19 kg: 100 mg, 2 times a day.
Children aged >6 years weighing 20-24 kg: 125 mg, 2 times a day.
Children aged >6 years weighing 25-29 kg: 150 mg, 2 times a day.
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NRTI)
Adefovir
Trademark: Hepsera
Condition: Hepatitis B
- Tablet
Mature: 10 mg, 1 time a day.
entecavir
Trademarks: Atevir, Baraclude
Condition: Hepatitis B
- Tablet
Mature: 0.5 or 1 mg, once daily.
Lamivudine
Trademarks: 3 TC, 3 TC-HBV, Duviral, Hiviral, Lamivudine, LMV, Tellolam-E
Condition: Hepatitis B
- Tablet
Mature: 100 mg, once a day. Especially for patients who also suffer from HIV, the dose given is 150 mg, 2 times a day or 300 mg, 1 time a day.
Children aged 2-17 years: 3 mg/kg body weight, once a day. The maximum dose is 100 mg per day.
Condition: HIV
- Tablet
Mature: 150 mg twice daily or 300 mg, once daily, in combination with other antiretrovirals.
Children >3 months old: maximum dose of 300 mg per day, in combination with other antiretrovirals.
Stavudine
Trademark: Staviral
Condition: HIV
- Tablet
Newborns have passed 13 days to adults weighing < 60 kg: 30 mg, 2 times a day.
Adults weighing 60 kg or more: 40 mg, 2 times a day.
Telbivudine
Trademark: Sebivo
Condition: Hepatitis B
- Tablet
Mature: 600 mg, once a day.
Tenofovir
Trademarks: Hepamed, Ricovir-EM, Tellura, Tenolam-E
Condition: Hepatitis B and HIV
- Tablet
Mature: 300 mg, once a day.
Zidovudine
Zidovudine trademarks: Duviral, Retrovir, Zidovudine, ZDV
Condition: HIV
- Capsule
Adults and children weighing 30 kg or more: 250-300 mg, twice daily, in combination with other antiretrovirals.
Children weighing 8-13 kg: 100 mg, 2 times a day.
Children weighing 14-21 kg: 100 mg, given in the morning, and 200 mg, before bedtime.
Children weighing 22-30 kg: 200 mg, 2 times a day.
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Oseltamivir
Oseltamivir trademarks: Oseltamivir, Tamiflu
Condition: Influenza types A and B
- Capsule
Mature: 75 mg, 2 times daily, for 5 days.
Children: 0-1 months old: 2 mg/kgBB
Children aged 2-3 months: 2.5 mg/kgBB
Children aged 4-12 months: 3 mg/kgBB
Children >1 year old weighing <16 kg: 30 mg
Children >1 year old weighing 16-23 kg: 45 mg
Children aged 1 year weighing 24-40 kg: 60 mg
Children aged 1 year weighing over 40 kg: 75 mg
The entire dose for children is given 2 times a day, for five days.
Zanamivir
Trademark: Relenza
Condition: Influenza types A and B
- Inhaler powder
Children aged > 7 years to adults: 10 mg or two nasal inhalations, twice per day for five days. 10 mg or two nasal inhalations. Used as soon as symptoms occur (less than 48 hours). Two doses are given on day 1 of treatment, giving an interval of at least two hours between the two doses. Successive doses are given every 12 hours.
Protease inhibitor
Darunavir
Trademark: Preziesta
Condition: HIV
- Tablet
Mature: 800 mg, once daily, in combination with other ARVs.
Children aged 3-17 years:Weight 15-29 kg: 600 mg, once daily, or 375 mg, 2 times daily.
Weight 30-39 kg: 675 mg, once daily, or 450 mg, 2 times daily.
Weight 40 kg or more: 800 mg, once daily, or 600 mg, 2 times daily.
Lopinavir/ritonavir
Trademark: Aluvia (each tablet contains 133.3 mg lopinavir and 33.3 mg ritonavir)
Condition: HIV
- Tablet
Mature: 3-4 capsules, twice daily, or 6 capsules, once daily. Can be combined with other ARVs.
Simeprevir
Trademark: Olisio
Condition: Hepatitis C
- Capsule
Mature: 150 mg, once daily, in combination with other antivirals.
Ritonavir
Trademark: Norvir
Condition: HIV
- Capsule
Mature: 300 mg, 2 times daily, for 3 days, in combination with other ARVs. The dose is increased gradually with a maximum dose of 600 mg, 2 times a day.
Children 2 years of age or older: 250 mg/m2 LPT, 2 times daily. The dose is increased gradually until it reaches 350-400 mg/m2. The maximum dose is 600 mg, 2 times a day.
DNA polymerase inhibitor
Famciclovir
Trademark: Famvir
Condition: Herpes zoster
- Tablet
Mature: 500 mg three times per day for seven days or 500 mg three times per day for ten days for immunocompromised patients.
Condition: Genital herpes
- Tablet
Mature: the first-stage dose is 250 mg, three times per day for five days or 500 mg, twice per day for seven days for immunocompromised patients.
Ganciclovir
Ganciclovir trademarks: Valcyte, Cymevene
Condition: Cytomegalovirus retinitis
- Tablet
Mature: 1 gram, 3 times a day.
Condition: Cytomegalovirus
- Injectable liquid
Mature: 5 mg/kg every 12 hours for 14-21 days. The maintenance dose is 5-6 mg/kg once daily.
Valganciclovir
Trademark: Valcyte
Condition: Cytomegalovirus retinitis
- Tablet
Mature: Initial dose 900 mg, twice daily for 21 days. The maintenance dose is 900 mg once daily.
Acyclovir
Acyclovir trademarks: Acifar, Acifar Cream, Matrovir, Matrovir 400, Zovirax Tablet, Zovirax Tablet, Temiral
Condition: Herpes simplex
- Tablet
Adults and children >2 years old: 200 mg, 5 times daily, for 5-10 days.
Children <2 years old: half the adult dose.
Condition: Herpes simplex on the skin
- Acyclovir cream
Mature: apply a thin layer of cream about 5-6 times a day, for 5-10 days, before going to bed or rest.
Valacyclovir
Valacyclovir trademarks: Cloviar, Iclofar, Inlacyl, Valcor, Vandavir, Valtrex, Zostavir
Condition: Herpes zoster
- Tablet
Mature: 1 g, 3 times daily, for 7 days. Patients with compromised immune systems (such as HIV): continue treatment for 2 days after the nodule has dried.
Condition: Genital herpes
- Tablet
Adolescents aged 12 years to adults: 500 mg-1 g, 2 times daily, for 10 days. If you have a relapse, take the tablets for only 3-5 days.
RNA inhibitors
Ribavirin
Trademarks: Copegus, Rebetol
Condition: Hepatitis C
- Mature:
Weight less than 65 kg:
400 mg in the morning and evening.Weight 65-80 kg: 400 mg in the morning and 800 mg at night.
Weight 81-105 kg: 600 mg in the morning and evening.
Weight above 105 kg: 600 mg in the morning and 800 mg at night.
- Children aged 3 years and over:
Weight < 47 kg:
15 mg/kg body weight per day, divided into 2 doses.Weight 47-49 kg: 200 mg in the morning and 400 mg at night.
Weight 50-65 kg: 400 mg in the morning and evening.
Direct acting
Sofosbuvir
Trademarks: Harvoni, Myhep, Sobuvir, Sofosvir, Sovaldi
Condition: Hepatitis C
- Tablet
Adolescents aged 12 years to adults: 400 mg, once daily, in combination with other antivirals.
Daclatasvir
Daclatasvir trademark: Mydekla
Condition: Hepatitis C
- Tablet
Mature: 60 mg, once daily.
Elbasvir/Grazoprevir
Trademark: Zepatier
Condition: Hepatitis C
- Tablet
Mature: 1 tablet, once a day.